豚病やインフルエンザの治療
Åとは何豚鶏病ですか？
豚インフルエンザが（英国：豚インフルエンザ）ブタに感染する呼吸器疾患です。豚インフルエンザ豚集団で流行しているウイルスオルトミクソウイルスが原因で発生します。日に分離されている豚インフルエンザウイルス株は、C または属インフルエンザウイルス属インフルエンザウイルス属Aのサブタイプとして分類されている
豚インフルエンザはインフルエンザH1N1、 H1N2、H3N1、H3N2型とH2N3のサブタイプを知られているウイルスによって引き起こされる。米国では、唯一の新型サブ豚の個体数は1998年前に流行。しかし、後半Agusuts 1998年以来、サブタイプのH3N2型は、豚からも分離されている。 、少なくともいくつかの例は、前に存在していたことが A型インフルエンザ新型インフルエンザのバージョンであることを確認した世界保健機関。ここでは豚インフルエンザウイルスの画像です：
豚は、為替の遺伝子にウイルスを可能にする、人間や鳥由来インフルエンザウイルスに対応することができますパンデミック株を作成してください。ウイルスは新しいので、年齢、起源と生存率についての科学的な証拠がある。重要な注意点は、このウイルスは、すべての年齢と場所を攻撃することができるということです。次の画像作成の流行株：
豚の病気の発生は日常的にも高いレベルで発生するまれなケースは致命的である。これらの疾患は、春と冬はサイクルは一年中ですで流行する傾向がある。この病気は常に変化している人間のインフルエンザとインフルエンザ様の症状の多くの種類があります。
豚インフルエンザ、毎年、人間に感染することもヒトからヒトへ感染の例が発見されたが、通常は、豚と接触する人々に見られる。咳やくしゃみを介して - 人間の豚インフルエンザの人間の伝送が季節性インフルエンザのように広がると予想される。病気がヒトからヒトへ転送されたかどうかが発生した本流行では明らかではない。ヒトへの感染、ヒトの場合の注意事項も非常にまれです。
WHOは、メキシコでインフルエンザ感染を警告している米国は、世界的な流行を引き起こすことが、真剣にこの状況を確認する可能性があります。しかし、WHOはそれも状況を正確に評価するために早すぎたと述べた。現在、世界は、ほぼ1968年以降と比較してパンデミックインフルエンザの状況に近いと言う人 - の脅威レベルは、スケール6 3です。誰も流行病の完全な影響を知っているが、専門家は、死亡者数は世界中の何百万人に達する可能性があると警告している。 1819年に始まり、また、新型インフルエンザウイルスによって引き起こされる、何百万もの人々を殺すのスペイン風邪の大流行。
のB.豚インフルエンザディスカバリー
1976年2月5日で、フォートディックスで兵士たちが、米国は、次の日に死亡し、自身が疲れ果てて、弱いと宣言した。医者は彼の死は、1918年に発生した豚インフルエンザウイルスによって引き起こされたと述べた。 2007年8月20日で、このウイルスはフィリピン、ルソン島の島の住民に感染します。
C.の名称の変更
ブタは人間に病気を送信することができる - 社会が間違った考えをしたため、この病気の名前は、多くの人々が間違っていると見なされます。そのために2009年4月30日からインフルエンザ A（H1N1）と、この病気の名前を変更されている（）は、世界保健機関。
民主党の現象や豚インフルエンザの特性
1。豚の主な症状はインフルエンザ
主な症状は38℃以上、咳の突然の高熱です。
2。その他の症状
•頭痛、
•疲労、
•体の冷え、
•の痛み、
骨と関節の•の痛み、
•下痢、消化の問題、
•のどの痛み、
•鼻水、
•のくしゃみ、
食欲•損失、
•嘔吐
3。子供の他の症状
•息切れ息切れや呼吸困難
•皮膚が灰色または青になる
•遅延飲料
•嘔吐
•はできないのは相互作用をかどうか目を覚ます
•は時々触れることはしたくない
•インフルエンザのような症状が消え、それは発熱と咳が表示されます
4。リスクの高いグループの人々
•の人々と：
- 慢性肺疾患、
- 慢性心疾患、
- 慢性腎臓病、
- 慢性肝疾患、
- 慢性神経疾患（多発性硬化症、パーキンソンmotorneuroneを含む神経疾患）
- 免疫抑制（疾患や治療によって引き起こされるかどうか）と
- 糖尿病、
過去3年間/硬化喘息治療のための薬を服用する•患者、
•妊娠中の女性、
•人は、65歳以上歳
5歳未満•子供たち。
大腸菌方法インフルエンザ伝送豚
くしゃみと話して、咳が伝送が口や鼻からの分泌物を介して人から人に発生することができます。伝送にも手が非常に伝染性などの直接的な接触を介して、症状は3から7日後に見られることができます。感染のリスクは密室ときに高くなっています。豚インフルエンザの証拠は、感染した動物の肉の消費を介して広がる。しかし、肉は調理する必要があります、70℃の温度は、ウイルスを殺すでしょう。
現在、WHOは、それは最悪の前に再び1つだけレベルを意味するつの領域に少なくとも2つの国（大陸）、人間のヒトへの伝播から起こっている（6）流行規模のレベル5に新型インフルエンザの発生の危険性を調達している世界的な大流行の脅威のレベルを設定します。
豚を負わないのF.インフルエンザの合併症
症状は急性pernafan路感染症と風邪が合併症をもたらすことができます、主に（中耳炎、副鼻腔炎、鼻炎、肺炎、気管支肺炎、気管支炎）呼吸器、心臓や死に似ているためプレビュー新型インフルエンザは、最初にterkenaliていませんでした。
Gさん方法インフルエンザ予防と豚の治療？
1。豚インフルエンザのヒントを避ける
豚インフルエンザウイルスの新しい株は確かに致命的なことができます。また、ウイルスの新しい株が急速に普及することができます。なぜ、誰もこの新しいウイルスに対する自然免疫を持っています。そして、それはこのウイルスのワクチンを開発し、数ヶ月かかりました。しかし、少なくとも、人から人へ伝達される新型インフルエンザの病気を防ぐために行うことができますいくつかのステップがあります。疾病管理予防や米国センター疾病管理予防センター（CDC）の中央事務局は、いくつかのヒントを与える：
•カバー鼻と口組織とするときに咳やくしゃみをする。その後、ゴミ箱に組織をスローします。
•は、頻繁に咳やくしゃみをした後は特に、きれいな水と石鹸で手を洗ってください。アルコールベースのハンドクリーナーを使用することも効果的です。
•口、鼻や手で口を触れないでください。
人やインフルエンザ•避けてください密接な接触。インフルエンザは、通常、咳や患者のくしゃみを介して人と人を介して拡散されているため。
あなたがインフルエンザを持っている場合•は、CDC は、あなたが仕事や学校、自宅でリラックスしてこないことをお勧めします。
2。ヒントは、豚の症状に子供/赤ちゃんにインフルエンザを知って
子供たちは、感染した豚インフルエンザの位置から死のリスクが高いことにある。新型インフルエンザの症状は、検出するためにかなり難しかったあなたの子供がこの病気に感染している場合、少なくとも初期の兆候を認識することができます。あなたは豚インフルエンザgejalanの症状の出現への参照を行うことができますいくつかの指標があります。ここでは子供/乳児の豚インフルエンザの症状を知るためのヒントがあります：
Åのインフルエンザの症状。あなたの子供は、鼻水、咳を伴う以上の39から40度摂氏の高熱などインフルエンザの症状がある場合は、豚インフルエンザよりも症状である可能性があります。
Bの発疹の外観を設定します。発熱を伴う発疹の外観を設定します。子供の皮膚の青い色の外観は、子供の子供はすぐに救急医療を必要とするための酸素の欠如を示しています。
c.ストップくん。あなたの子供は、もはや液体を飲むしたい場合は、その脱水が子どもの主要なキラーであることを覚えているので、すぐにERへ持参することを躊躇しない。
民主党呼吸器の問題。あなたの子供はすぐに息をし始めた場合、または息切れを表示し始めると、赤ちゃんはすぐに助けが必要です。早ければ早いほど、緊急援助を、より多くの彼らは、悪い副作用から分離される可能性が提供しています。
大腸菌体は痛みを感じる。彼らは病気や不快された場合、彼らのように動作する場合は、ハグをするかを保持する。これが彼の体のいずれかのインジケータがひどく痛むようになったです。緊急治療室にすぐにそれらを持参これは豚インフルエンザウイルス感染のしるしだからです。
f.それはしません目を覚ます。最後に、あなたはあなたの子供を目を覚ますことができれば、すぐに救急車を呼ぶ。この状況では躊躇しないでください。豚インフルエンザウイルスは、致命的であるタミフルは、最初の治療のような抗ウイルス薬で治療することができます。
3。豚に対する治療と予防（化学予防）のための抗ウイルス薬の使用説明書（アンチウイルス）インフルエンザ感染
Åの（ウイルス）抗ウイルス薬を受けた患者
•患者は間違いなく豚とインフルエンザに感染したと診断された
•患者の可能性が高い豚とインフルエンザに感染した
疑い（疑い）豚に感染したインフルエンザで•患者
患者と直接接触•人
Bのインフルエンザの抗ウイルス薬
すなわち、（豚インフルエンザウイルスと鳥インフルエンザを含む）infuensaウイルスA型を治療するために使用することができる薬の4種類があります：
•のamatandineとリマンタジン、両方を含むアダマンティンクラスだけでなく、
•のザナミビルとオセルタミビルは、両方の neuramidaseに属していた。
豚インフルエンザウイルスはアマンタジンと tehadapをリマンタジン、まだ敏感なtehadapのザナミビルとオセルタミビルをので、後者二つの薬剤が推奨されている抵抗されている。
リレンザ®は登録商標は、5歳以上の患者の7年間上方歳以上の患者で、インフルエンザA型およびB型の予防インフルエンザA型およびB型の治療のために使用されているとしてザナミビルは知られています。
オセルタミビルは、1年間の上方歳以上の患者の予防とインフルエンザA型およびB型の治療のために使用される、タミフル®の商標として知られています。
c.処理プロセス
最初のステップは、気道memeriksannya RT - PCRまたはウイルス培養によってからの粘液の標本をとることによって、患者が最初に診断することです。迅速抗原検査とimmunofluresenceテストなどの迅速な検出ツールは、インフルエンザA型を検出することができるので、インフルエンザA型とインフルエンザA型の間に豚を人間を区別することはできません確実に診断するためのツールとして使用することはできません。
今、私たちは、患者の状態を知っている、抗ウイルス薬（オセルタミビルまたはザナミビル）豚インフルエンザの典型的な症状の直後に指定する必要があります。 48時間以上の規定と比較すると48時間の下に抗ウイルス薬を与えることは死亡率や入院を減らすために。治療期間は、5日間与えられた。抗ウイルス薬を与える薬剤耐性を防ぐために、経験豊富な医師によって定めなければならない。
次の表に、抗ウイルス薬の投与：
表1。治療と予防インフルエンザのための抗ウイルス薬の使用
医学/予防医学の年齢階級
オセルタミビル
大人2回5日間、1回75mgをカプセルに75mgのカプセル
子ども（12歳ヶ月以上）の体重に基づいて：
≤15キロは、5日間、2つの回に分けて一日あたり 60 mgのカプセルは1回30日カプセル投与
15から33キロ、90 mgのカプセル投与5日間、1回45二回に分けて毎日毎日カプセル
24〜40キロは、5日間、2つの回に分けて一日あたり120 mgのカプセルは1回60は毎日カプセル投与
> 40キロ、5日、1回日75mgのカプセル2回に分けて一日あたり150 mgのカプセル
ザナミビル
大人2回吸入1本あたり5mg（10mg）を、2回1 日2回5mgの（10 mg）を吸入あたり、1回日
子供（7歳以上）吸入あたり2回5mgの（10 mg）を、1日2回（7歳以上）吸入あたり2回5mgの（10 mg）を、1回の日（5歳以上の）
抗ウイルス薬の使用は、抗ウイルス薬、臨床症状、薬や薬剤感受性の副作用の有効性に応じて変更することがあります。
民主党どのような薬やワクチンはどうですか？
米国政府は、2つの薬は一般的にインフルエンザの治療に使用さは、タミフルとリレンザは、これまで発生したことを例に対処するに効果があると表示されると述べた。インフルエンザワクチンの有効性は、遺伝的にインフルエンザの他のタイプの異なるため、まだそのこの新しいウイルスから人類を守るに存在する明確ではない。
米国の科学者は、新しいワクチンを開発しているが、それは改良し、時間も需要を満たすために十分な量で生産されます。
大腸菌化学的予防（予防）抗ウイルス薬と
感染期間（接触後1-7日）中の患者と直接接触すると考えられる人々に与えられる化学予防。連絡先は7日以上を持っている場合は、必要ありません予防的化学療法。患者が新型インフルエンザと診断されるまで、指定された予防的化学療法の期間が暴露から10日です。
f.治療と12ヶ月歳未満の子供のための予防
インフルエンザのリスクが高いグループを含む12ヶ月未満のお子様。 12ヶ月未満の子供の抗ウイルス薬の安全性に関するデータは非常に限られているタミフルは、1歳未満の小児には推奨されません。しかし、季節性インフルエンザのオセルタミビルの使用に基づいて珍しい重篤な副作用を示した。したがって、緊急の理由で、1歳未満の子供のオセルタミビルの使用はまだ（FDAによれば）可能なことができます。表2。治療と予防のお子様は12ヵ月未満の抗ウイルス薬の使用：
オセルタミビル防止と5日の年齢治療
2回12 mgの<3ヶ月は、毎日限られたデータのための危機的状況を除き、お勧めされていない
投与2回毎日1回20mgの3から5ヶ月20日
2回25はmg毎日1回25 mgの6から11ヶ月間毎日
厳しい監視が限られている安全性と薬の投与量のデータを与えられている抗ウイルス薬の使用に実施されるべきである。
gの妊娠中の女性に抗ウイルス薬の使用
オセルタミビルとザナミビルは、妊婦のカテゴリーCの薬の効果や胎児未知のものを含む。オセルタミビルとザナミビルはそこには、胎児に有益な効果が知られている場合にのみ使用されます。副作用はザナミビルとオセルタミビルを受けて妊娠中の女性に報告されている。オセルタミビルは、妊娠中の女性、豚インフルエンザの治療のために使用することができます。ザナミビルは、これに限定さ全身に吸収し、より安全という吸入によって体内に入るための妊婦の予防に使用されています。
4。どのように新型インフルエンザの感染を防ぐために
豚インフルエンザの呼吸器感染症を持っている人々と* の接触を避ける。
*は挨拶しないで患者の手にキス。
*共有の食べ物を、コップ、/カトラリープレートを使用しないでください。
*（ウイルスを書き込むために）自宅、オフィス内の部屋に入る直射日光の自由、およびその他の閉鎖的な空間を与えます。
*あなたのキッチンスペース、バスルーム、ドアハンドル、手すり/手すり、おもちゃ、電話や記事/雑誌きれいな状態に保つために使用してください。
*筋肉や関節の突然の発熱、咳、頭痛、痛み、医師や保健、既存のユニットの相談がある場合。
*ウォーム体（いわゆるインフルエンザその体の不均衡の原因となる）急激な温度変化は避けてください。
*食べる果物や野菜のビタミンAとCを豊富に（ニンジン、パパイヤ、グアバ、柑橘類kepruk、オレンジ、レモン、パイナップル）。
*は、よく石鹸と水で手を洗ってください。
*避けウイルスTSB銀行で汚染された環境で作業。
*閉鎖的な空間で、子供は、親や患者の近くには禁煙。
あなたは/現象が発生する表示された場合*は、すぐに医者に行きなさい。
5。何が新型インフルエンザ疑い患者で行う必要があります
*ご滞在の家は、雇用センター、学校や他の人へのウイルスの感染を防ぐために多くの人々（劇場、映画館、バー、バス、地下鉄、ナイトクラブ、パーティー、など）がある場所への旅行を避けてください。
*カバー、鼻と口くしゃみと話し、ゴミの組織の処分
*避けてウイルスを拡散避けるために、あなたの目、口などの鼻に触れる
*インフルエンザは、世界の循環ウイルスの種類に応じて、ワクチンの規定ごとに年間を通じて防止することができる。
*避けほこり、煙、呼吸が妨げられ、子どもたちが病気に脆弱性が他の物質。
*は、必ず石鹸や消毒液で手を洗う
*症状のない24時間、あなたは再び正常に動作することができます後にします。
ソース：
•のhttp://id.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flu-babiは10:29 4月29日にアクセス
•ソース：noprizal Erhan年4月を介してアクセス健康Facebookをhttp://viramedika.blogspot.com/2009/05/cara- mengetahui-virus-flu-babi.htmlの気のメンバーグループの循環によって翻訳メキシコの保健省10:52 29
•http://tipsanda.com/2009 /05/22/tips-mengenal-gejala-flu-babi-pada-anakbayi/は10:53 4月29日にアクセス
•の http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/04/27/140840/1122066/10/tips-hindari- flu-babiは10:31 4月29日にアクセス
•http://www.ibujempol.com /flu-babi-swine-flu-gejala-dan-pencegahan/は08:36 5月1日にアクセス
•ソース：http://www.cdc.gov /swineflu/recommendations.htmは、5月1日http://dokter-medis.blogspot.com/2009 /05/petunjuk-penggunaan-obat-anti-viral.htmlを介してアクセス20:40
Senin, 09 Mei 2011
Flu Babi
PENYAKIT DAN PENGOBATAN FLU BABI
A. APA ITU PENYAKIT FLU BABI ?
Penyakit flu babi (Inggris: Swine influenza) adalah penyakit saluran pernapasan yang menjangkiti babi. Flu babi ini disebabkan oleh virus Orthomyxoviridae yang endemik pada populasi babi. Galur virus flu babi yang telah diisolasi sampai saat ini telah digolongkan sebagai Influenzavirus C atau subtipe genus Influenzavirus A.
Babi dapat menampung virus flu yang berasal dari manusia maupun burung, memungkinkan virus tersebut bertukar gen dan menciptakan galur pandemik. Karena virus ini baru, belum ada bukti ilmiah tentang umur, asal dan tingkat ketahanan. Yang terpenting diketahui adalah virus ini mampu menyerang semua usia dan lokasi. Berikut gambar penciptaan galur pandemik :
Wabah penyakit ini pada babi rutin terjadi dengan tingkat kasus tinggi namun jarang menjadi fatal. Penyakit ini cenderung mewabah di musim semi dan musim dingin tetapi siklusnya adalah sepanjang tahun. Ada banyak jenis flu babi dan seperti flu pada manusia penyakit ini secara konstan berubah.
Flu babi menginfeksi manusia tiap tahun dan biasanya ditemukan pada orang-orang yang bersentuhan dengan babi, meskipun ditemukan juga kasus-kasus penularan dari manusia ke manusia. Penularan manusia pada manusia flu babi diperkirakan menyebar seperti flu musiman – melalui batuk dan bersin. Dalam wabah yang kini terjadi belum jelas apakah penyakit itu ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia. Catatan mengenai kasus penularan dari manusia ke manusia juga sangat jarang.
WHO memperingatkan kasus-kasus flu babi di Meksiko dan Amerika Serikat berpotensi menyebabkan pandemi global dan menegaskan situasi ini serius. Akan tetapi, WHO mengatakan masih terlalu dini untuk menilai situasi ini secara akurat. Saat ini, WHO mengatakan dunia hampir mendekati situasi pandemi flu dibandingkan tahun-tahun sejak 1968 – tingkat ancamannya adalah 3 dari skala 6. Tidak ada yang tahu dampak pandemi penyakit ini sepenuhnya, namun para pakar memperingatkan korban tewas bisa mencapai jutaan orang di seluruh dunia. Pandemi flu Spanyol, yang dimulai tahun 1819 dan juga disebabkan oleh virus H1N1, menewaskan jutaan orang.
B. PENEMUAN FLU BABI
Pada 5 Februari 1976, tentara di Fort Dix, Amerika Serikat menyatakan dirinya kelelahan dan lemah, kemudian meninggal dunia keesokannya. Dokter menyatakan kematiannya itu disebabkan oleh virus flu babi sebagaimana yang terjadi pada tahun 1918. Pada 20 Agustus 2007, virus ini menjangkiti seorang warga di pulau Luzon, Filipina.
C. PERGANTIAN NAMA
Penamaan jenis penyakit ini dianggap salah oleh berbagai kalangan, karena telah membuat salah tafsir masyarakat - bahwa babi dapat menularkan penyakit ini kepada manusia. Untuk itu, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) telah mengganti nama penyakit ini dengan Influensa A (H1N1) mulai 30 April 2009 lalu.
D. GEJALA ATAU CIRI-CIRI FLU BABI
1. Gejala utama flu babi
Gejala utamanya yaitu tiba-tiba panas tinggi 38°C atau lebih dan batuk.
2. Gejala lain
· Sakit kepala,
· lemas,
· badan panas dingin,
· pegal,
· nyeri di tulang dan sendi,
· diare dan masalah pada pencernaan,
· sakit tenggorokan,
· hidung meler,
· bersin,
· hilangnya nafsu makan, dan
· muntah-muntah
3. Gejala lain pada anak-anak
· nafas terengah-engah atau susah nafas
· kulit menjadi keabuan atau biru
· malas minum
· muntah-muntah
· tidak bisa bangun atau tidak bisa interaksi
· kadang tidak mau disentuh
· kadang gejala flu lenyap tapi muncul demam dan batuk
4. Golongan orang yang berisiko tinggi
· Orang-orang dengan :
- Penyakit paru-paru kronis,
- penyakit jantung kronis,
- Penyakit ginjal kronis,
- Penyakit hati kronis,
- penyakit syaraf kronis (neurological disorders termasuk penyakit motorneurone dan beberapa sclerosis Parkinson ),
- Immunosuppression (baik yang disebabkan oleh penyakit atau perawatan) dan
- Diabetes mellitus,
- Penyakit paru-paru kronis,
- penyakit jantung kronis,
- Penyakit ginjal kronis,
- Penyakit hati kronis,
- penyakit syaraf kronis (neurological disorders termasuk penyakit motorneurone dan beberapa sclerosis Parkinson ),
- Immunosuppression (baik yang disebabkan oleh penyakit atau perawatan) dan
- Diabetes mellitus,
· Pasien yang mengkonsumsi obat untuk perawatan / penyembuhan asma selama tiga tahun terakhir,
· Ibu hamil,
· Orang berusia 65 tahun atau lebih, dan
· Anak-anak di bawah usia lima tahun.
E. CARA PENULARAN FLU BABI
Penularan dapat terjadi dari manusia ke manusia melalui sekret dari mulut dan hidung seperti ketika batuk, bersin dan bicara. penularan dapat juga melaui kontak langsung seperti tangan sangat menular, gejala dapat terlihat setelah 3 sampai 7 hari. Risiko terinfeksi lebih tinggi bila berada di ruangan tertutup. Tidak ada bukti flu babi menular lewat konsumsi daging binatang yang terjangkit. Namun, daging itu harus dimasak matang, suhu 70ºC akan membunuh virus itu.
Saat ini WHO sudah menaikkan status bahaya wabah flu babi ke tingkat 5 dalam skala pandemi (6), berarti sudah terjadi penularan dari manusia ke manusia dan sedikitnya pada 2 negara dalam satu wilayah (benua), berarti hanya tinggal 1 tingkat lagi menjelang tingkat terburuk yaitu ancaman pandemi global.
F. KOMPLIKASI YANG DITIMBULKAN FLU BABI
Gambaran penyakit flu babi awalnya tidak terkenali karena mirip dengan gejala infeksi saluran pernafan akut dan flu biasa namun dapat menghasilkan komplikasi, terutama pernafasan (otitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, radang paru-paru, Bronchopneumonia, radang tenggorokan), jantung atau bahkan kematian.
G. BAGAIMANA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGOBATAN FLU BABI ?
1. Tips Hindari Flu Babi
Virus strain baru flu babi memang bisa mematikan. Apalagi virus strain baru bisa menyebar dengan cepat. Sebabnya, tak seorang pun punya kekebalan alami terhadap virus baru ini. Dan butuh waktu beberapa bulan untuk mengembangkan vaksinasi virus ini. Namun setidaknya ada beberapa langkah yang bisa dilakukan untuk mencegah penyakit flu babi yang ditularkan dari orang ke orang ini. Badan Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit AS atau Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) memberikan beberapa tips :
- Tutupi hidung dan mulut Anda dengan tisu jika Anda batuk atau bersin. Kemudian buang tisu itu ke kotak sampah.
- Sering-seringlah mencuci tangan Anda dengan air bersih dan sabun, terutama setelah Anda batuk atau bersin. Pembersih tangan berbasis alkohol juga efektif digunakan.
- Jangan menyentuh mulut, hidung atau mulut Anda dengan tangan.
- Hindari kontak atau berdekatan dengan orang yang sakit flu. Sebab influenza umumnya menyebar lewat orang ke orang melalui batuk atau bersin penderita.
- Jika Anda sakit flu, CDC menyarankan Anda untuk tidak masuk kerja atau sekolah dan beristirahat di rumah.
2. Tips Mengenal Gejala Flu Babi Pada Anak /Bayi
Anak-anak berada pada posisi resiko tinggi kematian akibat terjangkiti penyakit flu babi. Gejala-gejala flu babi memang agak sulit untuk dideteksi, namun setidaknya Anda dapat mengenal tanda-tanda dini apabila si kecil terjangkiti penyakit ini. Ada beberapa indikator yang dapat Anda jadikan acuan munculnya gejala-gejalan flu babi. Berikut ini adalah Tips mengenal gejala flu babi pada anak/bayi :
a. Gejala flu. Jika anak Anda mempunyai gejala-gejala flu seperti demam tinggi lebih dari 39-40 derajat celcius disertai pilek dan juga batuk, mungkin bisa merupakan tanda-tanda daripada Flu babi.
b. Munculnya Ruam. Munculnya ruam yang menyertai yang demam. Munculnya warna biru pada kulit anak menunjukkan kurangnya oksigen pada anak dan untuk itu si anak membutuhkan perawatan darurat segera.
c. Berhenti Minum. Jika anak Anda tidak mau lagi minum cairan, jangan ragu-ragu untuk segera membawa mereka ke UGD, karena ingatlah bahwa dehidrasi adalah pembunuh utama anak-anak.
d. Masalah Pernafasan. Jika si kecil mulai bernapas dengan cepat atau mulai menunjukan sesak nafas, si kecil membutuhkan pertolongan segera. Semakin cepat Anda memberikan bantuan darurat, semakin besar kemungkinan mereka lepas dari efek samping yang buruk.
e. Badan Terasa Sakit. Jika mereka berperilaku seakan-akan mereka sakit dan tidak nyaman ketika Anda pegang atau Anda peluk. Hal ini merupakan salah satu indikator tubuhnya mulai terasa sakit parah. Bawa mereka segera ke UGD karena hal ini merupakan indikasi dari infeksi virus Flu babi.
f. Tidak akan Bangun. Terakhir, jika Anda tidak dapat membangunkan anak Anda, panggilah ambulans segera. Jangan ragu dalam situasi ini. Flu babi adalah virus maut dan dapat ditangani dengan obat antivirus seperti Tamiflu, sebagai penanganan awalnya.
3. Petunjuk Penggunaan Obat Antiviral (Antivirus) untuk Pengobatan dan Pencegahan (Kemoprofilaksis) terhadap Infeksi Flu Babi
a. Pasien yang mendapatkan obat antiviral (antivirus)
· pasien didiagnosis pasti terinfeksi flu babi
· pasien kemungkinan terinfeksi flu babi
· pasien diduga (suspek) terinfeksi flu babi
· orang yang kontak langsung dengan pasien
b. Obat antiviral untuk flu babi
Ada 4 macam obat yang dapat digunakan untuk mengobati virus infuensa tipe A (termasuk didalamnya virus flu babi dan flu burung) yaitu :
· amatandine dan rimantadine, keduanya termasuk golongan adamantine, serta
· zanamivir dan oseltamivir, keduanya termasuk golongan neuramidase.
Virus flu babi telah resisten tehadap amantadine dan rimantadine dan masih sensitif tehadap zanamivir dan oseltamivir sehingga kedua obat yang disebut terakhir direkomendasikan.
Zanamivir dikenal dengan merek dagang Relenza ®, dipakai untuk pengobatan influensa tipe A dan B pada penderita usia 7 tahun ke atas dan sebagai profilaksis influensa tipe A dan B pada penderita usia 5 tahun ke atas.
Oseltamivir dikenal dengan merek dagang Tamiflu ®, dipakai untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan influensa tipe A dan B pada penderita usia 1 tahun ke atas.
c. Proses pengobatan
Langkah pertama adalah mendiagnosis pasien terlebih dahulu dengan mengambil spesimen lendir dari saluran nafas dan memeriksannya dengan alat RT-PCR atau kultur virus. Alat pendeteksi cepat seperti rapid antigen test dan immunofluresence test tidak dapat dipakai sebagai alat untuk mendiagnosis pasti karena hanya dapat mendeteksi adanya influensa tipe A dan tidak dapat membedakan antara influensa tipe A manusia dengan influensa tipe A babi.
Setelah diketahui status penderita, maka obat antiviral (oseltamivir atau zanamivir) harus diberikan secepatnya setelah adanya gejala yang khas dari flu babi. Pemberian obat antiviral dibawah 48 jam dapat menurunkan angka kematian dan perawatan di rumah sakit bila dibandingkan pemberian diatas 48 jam. Lamanya pengobatan yang diberikan adalah selama 5 hari. Pemberian obat antiviral tersebut harus melalui resep dokter yang berpengalaman untuk mencegah resistensi obat.
Berikut ini tabel pemberian obat antiviral :
Tabel 1. Penggunaan Obat Antiviral untuk Pengobatan dan Pencegahan Flu Babi
Obat /Kelompok Umur | Pengobatan | Pencegahan |
Oseltamivir | ||
Dewasa | 2 kali 75 mg kapsul selama 5 hari | 1 kali 75 mg kapsul |
Anak-anak (umur 12 bulan ke atas) berdasarkan berat badan : | ||
≤ 15 Kg | 60 mg kapsul sehari dibagi dua dosis selama 5 hari | 1 kali 30 mg kapsul sehari |
15 – 33 Kg | 90 mg kapsul sehari dibagi dua dosis selama 5 hari | 1 kali 45 mg kapsul sehari |
24 – 40 Kg | 120 mg kapsul sehari dibagi dua dosis selama 5 hari | 1 kali 60 mg kapsul sehari |
> 40 Kg | 150 mg kapsul sehari dibagi dua dosis selama 5 hari | 1 kali 75 mg kapsul sehari |
Zanamivir | ||
Dewasa | 2 kali 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalasi, 2 kali sehari | 2 kali 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalasi, 1 kali sehari |
Anak-anak (umur 7 tahun ke atas) | 2 kali 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalasi, 2 kali sehari (umur 7 tahun ke atas) | 2 kali 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalasi, 1 kali sehari (umur 5 tahun ke atas) |
Swine Flu or Pig Flu
PIG DISEASE AND FLU TREATMENT
A.WHAT IS PIG AVIAN DISEASE ?
Swine flu (UK: Swine influenza) is a respiratory disease that infects pigs. Swine flu is caused by a virus Orthomyxoviridae which is endemic in swine populations. Swine influenza virus strains which have been isolated to date have been classified as C or subtype of the genus Influenzavirus Influenzavirus A.
Swine flu caused by a virus known subtypes of influenza A H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. In the United States, only the H1N1 subtype prevalent in swine populations before 1998. But since late Agusuts 1998, subtype H3N2 has been isolated also from pigs. World Health Organization, WHO, confirmed that at least some cases are type A influenza H1N1 version that never existed before. Here is a picture of swine influenza virus:
Pigs can accommodate a flu virus that originated from humans or birds, allowing the virus to exchange genes and create a pandemic strain. Because the virus is new, there is no scientific evidence about the age, origin and survival rates. The important note is that this virus is able to attack all age and location. Next image creation pandemic strain:
Outbreaks of the disease in pigs routinely occurs with a high level but rare cases be fatal. These diseases tend to be prevalent in spring and winter but the cycle is year round. There are many types of flu and flu-like symptoms in humans this disease is constantly changing.
Swine flu infecting humans each year and are usually found in people who come into contact with pigs, although it was also found cases of transmission from human to human. Human transmission of swine flu in humans is expected to spread like seasonal flu - through coughing and sneezing. In the present outbreak occurred is not clear whether the disease was transmitted from human to human. Notes on cases of human to human transmission is also very rare.
WHO warns flu cases in Mexico and the United States has the potential to cause a global pandemic and affirm this situation seriously. However, the WHO said it was too early to assess the situation accurately. Currently, the WHO says the world is almost close to a pandemic flu situation compared to the years since 1968 - the threat level is 3 on the scale 6. No one knows the full impact of pandemic disease, but experts warn the death toll could reach millions of people around the world. Spanish flu pandemic, which began in 1819 and is also caused by the H1N1 virus, killing millions of people.
B. PIG FLU DISCOVERY
On February 5, 1976, soldiers at Fort Dix, the United States declared himself exhausted and weak, then died the next day. The doctor stated that his death was caused by a swine flu virus as occurred in 1918. On August 20, 2007, this virus infects a resident on the island of Luzon, Philippines.
C. Name change
The naming of this disease is considered wrong by many people, because society has made the wrong idea - that pigs can transmit the disease to humans. To that end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has changed the name of this illness with influenza A (H1N1) from 30 April 2009.
D. SYMPTOMS OR CHARACTERISTICS OF PIG FLU
1. The main symptoms of swine flu
The main symptoms are sudden high fever of 38 ° C or more and a cough.
2. Other symptoms
• Headache,
• fatigue,
• body chills,
• soreness,
• pain in the bones and joints,
• diarrhea and digestive problems,
• sore throat,
• runny nose,
• sneezing,
• loss of appetite, and
• vomiting
3. Other symptoms in children
• panting breath or difficulty breathing
• skin becomes gray or blue
• lazy drinking
• vomiting
• can not wake up or not interaction
• sometimes do not want to be touched
• flu-like symptoms sometimes disappear but it appears a fever and cough
4. Group of people at high risk
• people with:
- Chronic lung disease,
- Chronic heart disease,
- Chronic kidney disease,
- Chronic liver disease,
- Chronic neurological disease (neurological disorders including multiple sclerosis disease and Parkinson's motorneurone)
- Immunosuppression (whether caused by disease or treatment) and
- Diabetes mellitus,
• Patients who take medication for the treatment / cure asthma during the last three years,
• Pregnant women,
• People aged 65 years or more, and
• Children under the age of five.
E. HOW FLU Transmission PIG
Transmission can occur from person to person through secretions from the mouth and nose when coughing, sneezing and talking. transmission can also through direct contact such as hand is very contagious, the symptoms can be seen after 3 to 7 days. Risk of infection is higher when in a closed room. No evidence of swine flu spread through the consumption of infected animal meat. However, the meat must be cooked, a temperature of 70 º C will kill the virus.
Currently, WHO has raised the danger of outbreak of swine flu into a pandemic scale level 5 (6), then it's going from human to human transmission and at least 2 countries in one region (continent), meaning only 1 level again before the worst level of the threat of a global pandemic.
F. FLU COMPLICATIONS ARISING PIG
Preview swine flu did not initially terkenali because the symptoms are similar to acute pernafan tract infections and the common cold but can result in complications, mainly respiratory (otitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, bronchitis), heart or even death.
G. HOW FLU PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PIG?
1. Swine Flu Tips Avoid
New strain of swine flu virus can be deadly indeed. Moreover, new strains of viruses can spread quickly. Why, no one has natural immunity against this new virus. And it took several months to develop this virus vaccination. But at least there are some steps that can be done to prevent swine flu disease that is transmitted from person to person. Central Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention or the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) gives a few tips:
• Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then throw the tissue into the trash box.
• Frequently wash your hands with clean water and soap, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective to use.
• Do not touch the mouth, nose or your mouth with your hand.
• Avoid close contact with people or the flu. Because influenza is usually spread through person to person through coughing or sneezing patients.
• If you got the flu, CDC recommends that you not come to work or school and relax at home.
2. Tips to Know Symptoms of Swine Flu in Children / Babies
Children are at high risk of death from the position of infected swine flu. The symptoms of swine flu was rather difficult to detect, but at least you can recognize the early signs if your child infected with this disease. There are some indicators that you can make reference to the emergence of symptoms of swine flu-gejalan. Here are tips to know the symptoms of swine flu in children / infants:
a. Symptoms of the flu. If your child has flu symptoms like high fever of more than 39-40 degrees Celsius accompanied by a runny nose and cough, may be a sign than swine flu.
b. The appearance of rash. The appearance of the rash that accompanies a fever. The appearance of blue color of the skin of children shows a lack of oxygen in children and for that the child needs immediate emergency care.
c. Stop Drinking. If your child no longer wants to drink fluids, do not hesitate to immediately bring them to the ER, because remember that dehydration is a major killer of children.
d. Respiratory Problems. If your child began to breathe quickly or begins to show the shortness of breath, your baby needs help immediately. The sooner you provide emergency assistance, the more likely they are separated from the bad side effects.
e. Body Feels Pain. If they behave as if they were sick and uncomfortable when you hold or hug you. This is one indicator of his body began to ache badly. Bring them immediately to the emergency room because this is an indication of swine influenza virus infection.
f. It will not wake up. Lastly, if you can not wake your child, and call an ambulance immediately. Do not hesitate in this situation. Swine flu virus is deadly and can be treated with antiviral drugs like Tamiflu, a treatment initially.
3. Antiviral Drug Use Instructions (Antivirus) for the Treatment and Prevention (chemoprophylaxis) against swine flu infection
a. Patients who received antiviral drugs (antiviral)
• patients were diagnosed definitely infected with swine flu
• patients likely infected with swine flu
• patients with suspected (suspected) infected with swine flu
• people in direct contact with patients
b. Antiviral drugs for flu
There are 4 kinds of drugs that can be used to treat infuensa virus type A (including the swine flu virus and bird flu), namely:
• amatandine and rimantadine, both including adamantine class, as well as
• zanamivir and oseltamivir, both belonged to neuramidase.
Swine influenza viruses have been resistant to amantadine and rimantadine tehadap and still sensitive tehadap zanamivir and oseltamivir so that the latter two drugs are recommended.
Zanamivir known as Relenza ® trademarks are used for the treatment of influenza types A and B in patients aged 7 years upwards and as prophylaxis of influenza type A and B in patients aged 5 years and over.
Oseltamivir is known as Tamiflu ® trademark, used for prevention and treatment of influenza types A and B in patients aged 1 year upwards.
c. Treatment process
The first step is to diagnose patients first by taking a specimen of mucus from the respiratory tract and memeriksannya by means of RT-PCR or viral culture. Rapid detection tools such as rapid antigen test and immunofluresence test can not be used as a tool to diagnose for sure because only can detect influenza type A and can not differentiate between influenza type A human with influenza type A pig.
Now we know the status of patients, the antiviral drug (oseltamivir or zanamivir) should be given immediately after the typical symptoms of swine flu. Giving antiviral drugs under 48 hours to reduce mortality and hospitalization when compared to the provision above 48 hours. The duration of treatment was given for 5 days. Giving antiviral drugs must be prescribed by an experienced physician to prevent drug resistance.
The following table antiviral drug administration:
Table 1. Use of Antiviral Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of flu
Medicine / Preventive Medicine Age Group
Oseltamivir
Adult 2 times 75 mg capsules for 5 days, 1 times 75 mg capsules
Children (ages 12 months and above) based on body weight:
≤ 15 kg, 60 mg capsules per day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 times 30 mg capsule daily
15-33 kg, 90 mg capsules a day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 times 45 mg capsule daily
24-40 kg, 120 mg capsules per day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 times 60 mg capsule daily
> 40 kg, 150 mg capsules per day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 time a day 75 mg capsule
Zanamivir
Adult 2 times 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 2 times 2 times a day 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 1 time a day
Children (age 7 years and above) 2 times 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 2 times a day (age 7 years and above) 2 times 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 1 time a day (age 5 years above)
The use of antiviral drugs may change depending on the effectiveness of antiviral drugs, clinical symptoms, side effects of drugs and drug susceptibility.
d. What about medication and vaccine?
The U.S. government said the two drugs commonly used to treat flu, Tamiflu and Relenza, appears to be effective in dealing with cases that occurred so far. Effectiveness of flu vaccine is not yet clear which now exist in protecting mankind from this new virus, because it is genetically different from other types of flu.
U.S. scientists have developed a new vaccine, but it takes time to refine and also produced in sufficient quantities to meet demand.
e. Chemoprophylaxis (prevention) with the antiviral drug
Chemoprophylaxis given to people considered to be direct contact with patients during the infection period (1-7 days after contact). If the contact has more than 7 days, then chemoprophylaxis is not needed. The duration of chemoprophylaxis given is 10 days from exposure until the patient was diagnosed with swine flu.
f. Treatment and prevention for children aged under 12 months
Children under 12 months, including groups at high risk for flu. Antiviral drug safety data in children under 12 months is very limited and Oseltamivir is not recommended in children under 1 year. But based on the use of oseltamivir in seasonal flu showed rare severe side effects. Therefore, by reason of emergency, the use of oseltamivir in children under 1 year can still be possible (according to the FDA). Table 2. Use of Antiviral Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention in Children under 12 months:
Age Treatment for 5 days with Oseltamivir Prevention
<3 months of 2 times 12 mg daily is not recommended unless a critical situation because of limited data
3-5 months 20 mg 2 times daily 1 times 20 mg daily
6-11 months of 2 times 25 mg daily 1 times 25 mg daily
Strict monitoring should be conducted in the use of antiviral drugs are given data on the safety and dosage of medication is limited.
g. The use of antiviral drugs on pregnant women
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir including the effects of category C drugs in pregnant women and the fetus are unknown. Oseltamivir and Zanamivir is used only when there are known beneficial effects on the fetus. No side effects were reported in pregnant women who received the zanamivir and oseltamivir. Oseltamivir can be used for the treatment of swine flu in pregnant women. Zanamivir is used for prophylaxis in pregnant women because of entry into the body by inhalation so that the limited systemic absorption and more secure.
4. How to Prevent Transmission of Swine Flu
* Avoid contact with people who have a respiratory infection of swine flu.
* Do not greet or kiss the hands of patients.
* Do not share food, use of cups, plates / cutlery.
* Give the freedom of sunlight entering the room in the home, office, and other enclosed spaces (to burn the virus).
* Keep your kitchen space, bathrooms, door handles, railings / banisters, toys, telephones or the articles / magazines that used to stay clean.
* If there is a sudden fever, cough, headache, pain in muscles and joints, consult a doctor or health of the existing units.
* Warm the body and avoid sudden temperature changes (which cause the imbalance in the body so that the flu).
* Eat fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C (carrot, papaya, guava, citrus kepruk, orange, lemon and pineapple).
* Frequently wash hands with soap and water.
* Avoid working in an environment contaminated with the virus tsb.
* No smoking in enclosed spaces or near the children, parents or patients.
* Go to your doctor immediately if you see / experience the symptoms.
5. What should be done by the Swine Flu Suspect Patients
* Stay home, avoid travel to employment centers, schools or places where there are many people (theater, cinema, bar, bus, metro, night clubs, parties, etc.) to prevent transmission of the virus to others.
* Cover nose and mouth when sneezing and talking and dispose of tissues in the trash
* Avoid touching your eyes, mouths and noses of others to avoid spreading the virus
* Flu can be prevented through the provision of vaccines every year, according to the type of virus circulating in the world.
* Avoid dust, smoke and other substances that can interfere with breathing and makes children more vulnerable to disease.
* Always wash hands with soap or antiseptic solution
* If after 24 hours without symptoms, you can work normally again.
Source:
• http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu-babi accessed on 29 April at 10:29
• Source: Ministry of Health of Mexico translated by noprizal Erhan, Member of Group Circulation Of QI for Health facebook http://viramedika.blogspot.com/2009/05/cara-mengetahui-virus-flu-babi.html accessed through April 29 at 10:52
• http://tipsanda.com/2009/05/22/tips-mengenal-gejala-flu-babi-pada-anakbayi/ accessed on 29 April at 10:53
• http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/04/27/140840/1122066/10/tips-hindari-flu-babi accessed on 29 April at 10:31
• http://www.ibujempol.com/flu-babi-swine-flu-gejala-dan-pencegahan/ accessed on May 1 at 08:36
• Source: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/recommendations.htm accessed via http://dokter-medis.blogspot.com/2009/05/petunjuk-penggunaan-obat-anti-viral.html on May 1 8:40 pm
A.WHAT IS PIG AVIAN DISEASE ?
Swine flu (UK: Swine influenza) is a respiratory disease that infects pigs. Swine flu is caused by a virus Orthomyxoviridae which is endemic in swine populations. Swine influenza virus strains which have been isolated to date have been classified as C or subtype of the genus Influenzavirus Influenzavirus A.
Swine flu caused by a virus known subtypes of influenza A H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. In the United States, only the H1N1 subtype prevalent in swine populations before 1998. But since late Agusuts 1998, subtype H3N2 has been isolated also from pigs. World Health Organization, WHO, confirmed that at least some cases are type A influenza H1N1 version that never existed before. Here is a picture of swine influenza virus:
Pigs can accommodate a flu virus that originated from humans or birds, allowing the virus to exchange genes and create a pandemic strain. Because the virus is new, there is no scientific evidence about the age, origin and survival rates. The important note is that this virus is able to attack all age and location. Next image creation pandemic strain:
Outbreaks of the disease in pigs routinely occurs with a high level but rare cases be fatal. These diseases tend to be prevalent in spring and winter but the cycle is year round. There are many types of flu and flu-like symptoms in humans this disease is constantly changing.
Swine flu infecting humans each year and are usually found in people who come into contact with pigs, although it was also found cases of transmission from human to human. Human transmission of swine flu in humans is expected to spread like seasonal flu - through coughing and sneezing. In the present outbreak occurred is not clear whether the disease was transmitted from human to human. Notes on cases of human to human transmission is also very rare.
WHO warns flu cases in Mexico and the United States has the potential to cause a global pandemic and affirm this situation seriously. However, the WHO said it was too early to assess the situation accurately. Currently, the WHO says the world is almost close to a pandemic flu situation compared to the years since 1968 - the threat level is 3 on the scale 6. No one knows the full impact of pandemic disease, but experts warn the death toll could reach millions of people around the world. Spanish flu pandemic, which began in 1819 and is also caused by the H1N1 virus, killing millions of people.
B. PIG FLU DISCOVERY
On February 5, 1976, soldiers at Fort Dix, the United States declared himself exhausted and weak, then died the next day. The doctor stated that his death was caused by a swine flu virus as occurred in 1918. On August 20, 2007, this virus infects a resident on the island of Luzon, Philippines.
C. Name change
The naming of this disease is considered wrong by many people, because society has made the wrong idea - that pigs can transmit the disease to humans. To that end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has changed the name of this illness with influenza A (H1N1) from 30 April 2009.
D. SYMPTOMS OR CHARACTERISTICS OF PIG FLU
1. The main symptoms of swine flu
The main symptoms are sudden high fever of 38 ° C or more and a cough.
2. Other symptoms
• Headache,
• fatigue,
• body chills,
• soreness,
• pain in the bones and joints,
• diarrhea and digestive problems,
• sore throat,
• runny nose,
• sneezing,
• loss of appetite, and
• vomiting
3. Other symptoms in children
• panting breath or difficulty breathing
• skin becomes gray or blue
• lazy drinking
• vomiting
• can not wake up or not interaction
• sometimes do not want to be touched
• flu-like symptoms sometimes disappear but it appears a fever and cough
4. Group of people at high risk
• people with:
- Chronic lung disease,
- Chronic heart disease,
- Chronic kidney disease,
- Chronic liver disease,
- Chronic neurological disease (neurological disorders including multiple sclerosis disease and Parkinson's motorneurone)
- Immunosuppression (whether caused by disease or treatment) and
- Diabetes mellitus,
• Patients who take medication for the treatment / cure asthma during the last three years,
• Pregnant women,
• People aged 65 years or more, and
• Children under the age of five.
E. HOW FLU Transmission PIG
Transmission can occur from person to person through secretions from the mouth and nose when coughing, sneezing and talking. transmission can also through direct contact such as hand is very contagious, the symptoms can be seen after 3 to 7 days. Risk of infection is higher when in a closed room. No evidence of swine flu spread through the consumption of infected animal meat. However, the meat must be cooked, a temperature of 70 º C will kill the virus.
Currently, WHO has raised the danger of outbreak of swine flu into a pandemic scale level 5 (6), then it's going from human to human transmission and at least 2 countries in one region (continent), meaning only 1 level again before the worst level of the threat of a global pandemic.
F. FLU COMPLICATIONS ARISING PIG
Preview swine flu did not initially terkenali because the symptoms are similar to acute pernafan tract infections and the common cold but can result in complications, mainly respiratory (otitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, bronchitis), heart or even death.
G. HOW FLU PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PIG?
1. Swine Flu Tips Avoid
New strain of swine flu virus can be deadly indeed. Moreover, new strains of viruses can spread quickly. Why, no one has natural immunity against this new virus. And it took several months to develop this virus vaccination. But at least there are some steps that can be done to prevent swine flu disease that is transmitted from person to person. Central Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention or the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) gives a few tips:
• Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then throw the tissue into the trash box.
• Frequently wash your hands with clean water and soap, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective to use.
• Do not touch the mouth, nose or your mouth with your hand.
• Avoid close contact with people or the flu. Because influenza is usually spread through person to person through coughing or sneezing patients.
• If you got the flu, CDC recommends that you not come to work or school and relax at home.
2. Tips to Know Symptoms of Swine Flu in Children / Babies
Children are at high risk of death from the position of infected swine flu. The symptoms of swine flu was rather difficult to detect, but at least you can recognize the early signs if your child infected with this disease. There are some indicators that you can make reference to the emergence of symptoms of swine flu-gejalan. Here are tips to know the symptoms of swine flu in children / infants:
a. Symptoms of the flu. If your child has flu symptoms like high fever of more than 39-40 degrees Celsius accompanied by a runny nose and cough, may be a sign than swine flu.
b. The appearance of rash. The appearance of the rash that accompanies a fever. The appearance of blue color of the skin of children shows a lack of oxygen in children and for that the child needs immediate emergency care.
c. Stop Drinking. If your child no longer wants to drink fluids, do not hesitate to immediately bring them to the ER, because remember that dehydration is a major killer of children.
d. Respiratory Problems. If your child began to breathe quickly or begins to show the shortness of breath, your baby needs help immediately. The sooner you provide emergency assistance, the more likely they are separated from the bad side effects.
e. Body Feels Pain. If they behave as if they were sick and uncomfortable when you hold or hug you. This is one indicator of his body began to ache badly. Bring them immediately to the emergency room because this is an indication of swine influenza virus infection.
f. It will not wake up. Lastly, if you can not wake your child, and call an ambulance immediately. Do not hesitate in this situation. Swine flu virus is deadly and can be treated with antiviral drugs like Tamiflu, a treatment initially.
3. Antiviral Drug Use Instructions (Antivirus) for the Treatment and Prevention (chemoprophylaxis) against swine flu infection
a. Patients who received antiviral drugs (antiviral)
• patients were diagnosed definitely infected with swine flu
• patients likely infected with swine flu
• patients with suspected (suspected) infected with swine flu
• people in direct contact with patients
b. Antiviral drugs for flu
There are 4 kinds of drugs that can be used to treat infuensa virus type A (including the swine flu virus and bird flu), namely:
• amatandine and rimantadine, both including adamantine class, as well as
• zanamivir and oseltamivir, both belonged to neuramidase.
Swine influenza viruses have been resistant to amantadine and rimantadine tehadap and still sensitive tehadap zanamivir and oseltamivir so that the latter two drugs are recommended.
Zanamivir known as Relenza ® trademarks are used for the treatment of influenza types A and B in patients aged 7 years upwards and as prophylaxis of influenza type A and B in patients aged 5 years and over.
Oseltamivir is known as Tamiflu ® trademark, used for prevention and treatment of influenza types A and B in patients aged 1 year upwards.
c. Treatment process
The first step is to diagnose patients first by taking a specimen of mucus from the respiratory tract and memeriksannya by means of RT-PCR or viral culture. Rapid detection tools such as rapid antigen test and immunofluresence test can not be used as a tool to diagnose for sure because only can detect influenza type A and can not differentiate between influenza type A human with influenza type A pig.
Now we know the status of patients, the antiviral drug (oseltamivir or zanamivir) should be given immediately after the typical symptoms of swine flu. Giving antiviral drugs under 48 hours to reduce mortality and hospitalization when compared to the provision above 48 hours. The duration of treatment was given for 5 days. Giving antiviral drugs must be prescribed by an experienced physician to prevent drug resistance.
The following table antiviral drug administration:
Table 1. Use of Antiviral Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of flu
Medicine / Preventive Medicine Age Group
Oseltamivir
Adult 2 times 75 mg capsules for 5 days, 1 times 75 mg capsules
Children (ages 12 months and above) based on body weight:
≤ 15 kg, 60 mg capsules per day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 times 30 mg capsule daily
15-33 kg, 90 mg capsules a day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 times 45 mg capsule daily
24-40 kg, 120 mg capsules per day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 times 60 mg capsule daily
> 40 kg, 150 mg capsules per day divided into two doses for 5 days, 1 time a day 75 mg capsule
Zanamivir
Adult 2 times 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 2 times 2 times a day 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 1 time a day
Children (age 7 years and above) 2 times 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 2 times a day (age 7 years and above) 2 times 5 mg (10 mg) per inhalation, 1 time a day (age 5 years above)
The use of antiviral drugs may change depending on the effectiveness of antiviral drugs, clinical symptoms, side effects of drugs and drug susceptibility.
d. What about medication and vaccine?
The U.S. government said the two drugs commonly used to treat flu, Tamiflu and Relenza, appears to be effective in dealing with cases that occurred so far. Effectiveness of flu vaccine is not yet clear which now exist in protecting mankind from this new virus, because it is genetically different from other types of flu.
U.S. scientists have developed a new vaccine, but it takes time to refine and also produced in sufficient quantities to meet demand.
e. Chemoprophylaxis (prevention) with the antiviral drug
Chemoprophylaxis given to people considered to be direct contact with patients during the infection period (1-7 days after contact). If the contact has more than 7 days, then chemoprophylaxis is not needed. The duration of chemoprophylaxis given is 10 days from exposure until the patient was diagnosed with swine flu.
f. Treatment and prevention for children aged under 12 months
Children under 12 months, including groups at high risk for flu. Antiviral drug safety data in children under 12 months is very limited and Oseltamivir is not recommended in children under 1 year. But based on the use of oseltamivir in seasonal flu showed rare severe side effects. Therefore, by reason of emergency, the use of oseltamivir in children under 1 year can still be possible (according to the FDA). Table 2. Use of Antiviral Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention in Children under 12 months:
Age Treatment for 5 days with Oseltamivir Prevention
<3 months of 2 times 12 mg daily is not recommended unless a critical situation because of limited data
3-5 months 20 mg 2 times daily 1 times 20 mg daily
6-11 months of 2 times 25 mg daily 1 times 25 mg daily
Strict monitoring should be conducted in the use of antiviral drugs are given data on the safety and dosage of medication is limited.
g. The use of antiviral drugs on pregnant women
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir including the effects of category C drugs in pregnant women and the fetus are unknown. Oseltamivir and Zanamivir is used only when there are known beneficial effects on the fetus. No side effects were reported in pregnant women who received the zanamivir and oseltamivir. Oseltamivir can be used for the treatment of swine flu in pregnant women. Zanamivir is used for prophylaxis in pregnant women because of entry into the body by inhalation so that the limited systemic absorption and more secure.
4. How to Prevent Transmission of Swine Flu
* Avoid contact with people who have a respiratory infection of swine flu.
* Do not greet or kiss the hands of patients.
* Do not share food, use of cups, plates / cutlery.
* Give the freedom of sunlight entering the room in the home, office, and other enclosed spaces (to burn the virus).
* Keep your kitchen space, bathrooms, door handles, railings / banisters, toys, telephones or the articles / magazines that used to stay clean.
* If there is a sudden fever, cough, headache, pain in muscles and joints, consult a doctor or health of the existing units.
* Warm the body and avoid sudden temperature changes (which cause the imbalance in the body so that the flu).
* Eat fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C (carrot, papaya, guava, citrus kepruk, orange, lemon and pineapple).
* Frequently wash hands with soap and water.
* Avoid working in an environment contaminated with the virus tsb.
* No smoking in enclosed spaces or near the children, parents or patients.
* Go to your doctor immediately if you see / experience the symptoms.
5. What should be done by the Swine Flu Suspect Patients
* Stay home, avoid travel to employment centers, schools or places where there are many people (theater, cinema, bar, bus, metro, night clubs, parties, etc.) to prevent transmission of the virus to others.
* Cover nose and mouth when sneezing and talking and dispose of tissues in the trash
* Avoid touching your eyes, mouths and noses of others to avoid spreading the virus
* Flu can be prevented through the provision of vaccines every year, according to the type of virus circulating in the world.
* Avoid dust, smoke and other substances that can interfere with breathing and makes children more vulnerable to disease.
* Always wash hands with soap or antiseptic solution
* If after 24 hours without symptoms, you can work normally again.
Source:
• http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu-babi accessed on 29 April at 10:29
• Source: Ministry of Health of Mexico translated by noprizal Erhan, Member of Group Circulation Of QI for Health facebook http://viramedika.blogspot.com/2009/05/cara-mengetahui-virus-flu-babi.html accessed through April 29 at 10:52
• http://tipsanda.com/2009/05/22/tips-mengenal-gejala-flu-babi-pada-anakbayi/ accessed on 29 April at 10:53
• http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/04/27/140840/1122066/10/tips-hindari-flu-babi accessed on 29 April at 10:31
• http://www.ibujempol.com/flu-babi-swine-flu-gejala-dan-pencegahan/ accessed on May 1 at 08:36
• Source: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/recommendations.htm accessed via http://dokter-medis.blogspot.com/2009/05/petunjuk-penggunaan-obat-anti-viral.html on May 1 8:40 pm
Minggu, 01 Mei 2011
Lirik Never Say Never JB feat JSmith
NEVER SAY NEVER (ACOUSTIC VERSION) lyrics
Artist : JB
Album : MY WORLDS ACOUSTIC
See I never thought that I could walk through fire
I never thought that I could take the burn
I never had the strength to take it higher
Until I reached the point of no return
And there’s just no turning back
When your hearts under attack
Gonna give everything I have
It’s my destiny
Reff :
I will never say never! (I will fight)
I will fight till forever! (make it right)
Whenever you knock me down
I will not stay on the ground
Pick it up
Pick it up
Pick it up
Pick it up up up
And never say never
Ne-never say never
Ne-never say never
Ne-never say never
I never thought I could feel this power
I never thought that I could feel this free
I’m strong enough to climb the highest tower
And I’m fast enough to run across the sea, oh
And there’s just no turning back
When your hearts under attack
Gonna give everything I have
Cause this is my destiny
*back to Reff
Here we go!
Guess who?
JSmith and JB!
I gotcha lil bro.
I can handle him.
Hold up, I
I can handle him.
Now he’s bigger than me,
Taller than me.
And he’s older than me,
And stronger than me.
And his arms a little bit longer than me.
But he ain’t on a JB song with me!
I be trying a chill
They be trying to side with the thrill.
No pun intended, was raised by the power of Will.
Like Luke with the force, when push comes to shove.
Like Cobe with the 4th, ice water with blood. (let’s go)
I gotta be the best, and yes
We’re the flyest.
Like David and Goliath,
I conquered the giant.
So now I got the world in my hand,
I was born from two stars
So the moon’s where I land.
*back to Reff
Dikutip dari majalah C ‘n S
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